Qualidade da dieta de adolescentes da rede pública de ensino de um município do sul do Brasil: estudo transversal, 2019 / Calidad de la dieta de los adolescentes del sistema de escuelas públicas de un municipio del sur de Brasil: estudio transversal, 2019 / Diet quality among adolescents in the public education system in a municipality in Southern Brazil: a cross-sectional study, 2019

Objetivo: Identificar os fatores associados à qualidade da dieta de estudantes do 9º ano da rede municipal de ensino de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal, realizado em 2019. As informações alimentares foram coletadas por formulário de frequência alimentar, e a qualidade da dieta foi avaliada mediante índice desenvolvido pelos autores. A dieta foi classificada como de baixa, intermediária ou alta qualidade. A associação foi avaliada por regressão logística multinomial. Resultados: Os 808 adolescentes avaliados obtiveram média de 16,0 pontos (desvio-padrão=4,1) no índice desenvolvido. A alta qualidade da dieta mostrou-se associada a experimentação de tabaco [razão de chances, ou odds ratio (OR) 2,92; intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) 1,74;4,92] e prática de atividade física no lazer (OR=1,65; IC95% 1,15;2,38). Conclusão: Destaca-se a importância do incentivo à prática de atividade física, monitoramento de comportamentos de riscos nos adolescentes e promoção do consumo de alimentos considerados saudáveis.

Objetivo: Identificar factores asociados a calidad de la dieta de estudiantes de 9º ano de escuelas municipales de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul. Métodos: Estudio transversal, realizado en 2019. La información dietética se recopiló mediante Formulario de Frecuencia de Alimentos y la calidad de la dieta se evaluó mediante índice desarrollado por los autores. La dieta fue clasificada como de baja, intermedia o de alta calidad. La asociación se investigó mediante regresión logística multinomial. Resultados: Los 808 adolescentes evaluados tuvieron en media 16,0 puntos (desvío-estándar=4,1) en el índice desarrollado. La alta calidad de la dieta se asoció con experimentación de tabaco [OR=2,92; intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC95%) 1,74;4,92] y práctica de actividad física en el tiempo libre (OR=1,65; IC95% 1,15;2,38). Conclusión: Se destaca la importancia de fomentar la práctica de actividad física, el seguimiento de conductas de riesgo en adolescentes y promover el consumo de alimentos saludables.

Objective:To identify the factors associated with the diet quality among 9th grade students in the municipal education system of Pelotas, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, conducted in 2019. Food information was collected using a food frequency questionnaire, and diet quality was assessed through an index developed by the authors. Diet was classified as low, intermediate or high quality. The association was assessed using multinomial logistic regression. Results:The 808 adolescents evaluated obtained a mean score of 16.0 points (deviation-standard=4.1) according to the developed index. The high diet quality was associated with tobacco experimentation [odds ratio (OR) 2.92; 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 1.74;4.92] and leisure-time physical activity (OR=1.65; 95%CI 1.15;2.38). Conclusion: We highlighted the importance of encouraging physical activity practice, monitoring risk behaviors among adolescents and promoting the consumption of healthy food.

Effect of lifestyle intervention holistic approach on blood glucose levels, health-related quality of life and medical treatment cost in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a costly, lifestyle-related disorder, its management is very critical and challenging hence lifestyle intervention may a cornerstone in the reversal and management of T2DM. This study designed to assess the impact of lifestyle intervention holistic (LIH) Model on blood glucose levels (BGL), Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL), and medical treatment cost in T2DM patients. This prospective, quasi-experimental study was conducted among 224 T2DM patients in Delhi Diabetes Research Center (DDRC), New Delhi. The study participants were allocated into two groups-Lifestyle Intervention Counseling (LIC) group received lifestyle-based counseling through the LIH model while the Usual-care group received only standard treatment. Study outcomes were assessed at baseline, 3rd, 6th, and 12th month and data were analyzed through SPSS. Study results revealed that LIC participants had decreased in fasting blood glucose 0.26 mg dL-1(-4.37 to 4.89), blood glucose postprandial -70.16 mg dL-1(-85.15 to -55.16), HbA1C -2.82% (-5.26 to -0.37), medicine cost (p < 0.004), hospitalization cost (p < 0.011), and cost of surgery (p < 0.0005). A significant improvement also observed in HRQOL and adherence towards a holistic model in LIC group. The study concludes that lifestyle-based counseling and its adherence was cost-effective and significantly improves BGL, HRQoL, and medical treatment in T2DM patients.

Are Brazilian adolescents eating enough fruits and vegetables? An assessment using data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents / Os adolescentes brasileiros estão comendo frutas e vegetais suficientes? Uma avaliação com dados do Estudo de Risco Cardiovascular de Adolescentes

ABSTRACT Objective To estimate the usual consumption of fruits and vegetables by Brazilian adolescents. Methods We used 24-hour dietary recall data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents conducted in 2013-2014 with 71,740 adolescents between 12 and 17 years old. The usual consumption of fruits and vegetables was estimated in the Statistical Analysis Software using the model of the United States National Cancer Institute, and evaluated according to sex, age, place of residence, economic class, and nutritional status of the participants. Results The mean of usual fruit and vegetable consumption was estimated at 171g/day, mostly fruits (128g/day), mainly in the form of fruit juice (64.8%). The minimum fruit and vegetable consumption of 400g/day recommended by the World Health Organization was reached only by 2% of the adolescents. The adolescents' socioeconomic class or nutritional status had no impact on the usual fruit and vegetable consumption, but adolescents from northern Brazil had a significantly lower consumption than those from the midwestern region. Orange was both the most consumed fruit on a daily basis (mean of 42.6g/day, 90% as juice) and the most reported fruit (by 12.7% of the adolescents), followed by apples (10g/day; 5.6%) and bananas (8.4g/day; 8.3%). Tomato was the most consumed vegetable (9.2g/day), reported by 11.5% of the adolescents. Conclusion Public health policies are necessary to encourage fruit and vegetable consumption among Brazilian adolescents, including of pure juice, essential foods to prevent chronic diseases in adulthood.

RESUMO Objetivo Estimar o consumo de frutas e vegetais por adolescentes brasileiros. Métodos Foram utilizados os dados do Estudo de Risco Cardiovascular de Adolescentes conduzido em 2013-2014 com 71.740 adolescentes entre 12 e 17 anos, que responderam ao questionário recordatório de 24 horas. O consumo usual de frutas e vegetais foi estimado no programa Statistical Analysis Software usando o modelo do Instituto Nacional de Câncer dos Estados Unidos e avaliado de acordo com sexo, idade, residência, classe econômica e estado nutricional dos participantes. Resultados O consumo médio usual estimado de frutas e vegetais dos participantes foi de 171g/dia, sendo 128g/dia de frutas, principalmente na forma de suco in natura (64,8%). O consumo mínimo de 400g/dia recomendado pela Organização Mundial da Saúde foi alcançado por apenas 2% dos adolescentes. A classe socioeconômica e o status nutricional não impactaram o consumo usual, mas adolescentes do norte do Brasil tiveram um consumo significativamente menor de frutas e vegetais se comparados com aqueles da região centro-oeste. A laranja foi a fruta mais consumida no período do estudo (média de 42.6g/dia, 90% como suco) e a mais relatada (por 12,7% dos adolescentes), seguido de maçã (10g/dia; 5,6%) e banana (8,4g/dia; 8,3%). Tomate foi o vegetal mais consumido (9,2g/dia), reportado por 11,5% dos adolescentes. Conclusão Políticas públicas são necessárias para encorajar o consumo de frutas e vegetais entre os adolescentes brasileiros, inclusive na forma de suco puro, pois são alimentos essenciais para prevenir o desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas na vida adulta.

Reproducibility and validity of food group intake in a short food frequency questionnaire for the middle-aged Japanese population

PURPOSE@#The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility and validity of a short food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for food group intake in Japan, the reproducibility and partial validity of which were previously confirmed for nutrients.@*METHODS@#A total of 288 middle-aged healthy volunteers from 11 different areas of Japan provided nonconsecutive 3-day weighed dietary records (DRs) at 3-month intervals over four seasons. We evaluated reproducibility based on the first (FFQ1) and second (FFQ2) questionnaires and their validity against the DRs by comparing the intake of 20 food groups. Spearman's rank correlation coefficients (SRs) were calculated between energy-adjusted intake from the FFQs and that from the DRs.@*RESULTS@#The intake of 20 food groups estimated from the two FFQs was mostly equivalent. The median energy-adjusted SRs between the FFQ1 and FFQ2 were 0.61 (range 0.38-0.86) for men and 0.66 (0.45-0.84) for women. For validity, the median de-attenuated SRs between DRs and the FFQ1 were 0.51 (0.17-0.76) for men and 0.47 (0.23-0.77) for women. Compared with the DRs, the proportion of cross-classification into exact plus adjacent quintiles with the FFQ1 ranged from 58 to 86% in men and from 57 to 86% in women. According to the robust Z scores and the Bland-Altman plot graphs, the underestimation errors in the FFQ1 tended to be greater in individuals with high mean levels of consumption for meat for men and for other vegetables for both men and women.@*CONCLUSION@#The FFQ demonstrated high reproducibility and reasonable validity for food group intake. This questionnaire is short and remains appropriate for identifying associations between diet and health/disease among adults in Japan.

Malnutrition in Relation with Dietary, Geographical, and Socioeconomic Factors among Older Chinese / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#Nutrition is closely related to the health of the elderly population. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive picture of the nutrition status of elderly Chinese and its related dietary, geographical, and socioeconomic factors.@*Methods@#A total of 13,987 ≥ 60-year-old persons from the 2010-2013 Chinese National Nutrition and Health Survey were included to evaluate various aspects of malnutrition, including underweight, overweight or obesity, and micronutrient inadequacy.@*Results@#Overall, the prevalence of obesity, overweight, and underweight was 12.4%, 34.8%, and 5.7%, respectively, with disparities both geographically and socioeconomically. The prevalence of underweight was higher among the older old (≥ 75 years), rural residents and those with low income, with low education status, and residing in undeveloped West areas. More than 75% of the elderly do not meet the Dietary Reference Intakes for vitamins A, B @*Conclusions@#Obesity epidemic, inadequacy of micronutrient intake, and high prevalence of underweight and anemia in susceptible older people are the major nutrition challenges for the rapidly aging population in China.

Qualidade da dieta de idosas não institucionalizadas de uma capital do sul do Brasil: baixo consumo de gorduras saturadas, sódio, cereais integrais e de gorduras cardioprotetoras / Diet quality ofnon-institutionalized elderly women from a Brazilian southern capital city: low consumption of saturated fats, sodium, whole grains, and cardioprotective fats

Introdução:A população idosa é suscetível às alterações no estado nutricional devido aos fatores relacionados às modificações socioeconômicas e fisiológicas; porém, estudos que avaliaram a situação alimentar atual de idosos no Brasil ainda são escassos. Objetivo: Avaliar a qualidade da dieta de idosas não institucionalizadas de uma capital do sul do Brasil. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo de caráter transversal, com 174 idosas selecionadas por conveniência. A avaliação do consumo alimentar foi realizada por meio de registro alimentar de três dias. Avaliou-se a qualidade da dieta por meio do Índice de Qualidade da Dieta ­ Revisado (IQD-R) adaptado para a população brasileira.Resultados: Verificou-seque56,9% (n=99), 40,8% (n=71) e 2,3% (n=4) das participantes apresentaram dieta que "necessita de modificação", dieta "saudável", e dieta "inadequada", respectivamente. A pontuação média obtida por meio do IQD-R foi de 62,5 (± 9,6), com mínimo de 30,2 pontos e máximo de 84,9 pontos.Na análise do consumo dos grupos alimentares, constatou-se baixa pontuação de gordura saturada (9,96±0,50), mono e poli-insaturada (1,08±2,21), cereais integrais (1,7±1,54), sódio (7,31±2,27), e maior pontuação para o grupo de cereais totais (4,61±0,54).Conclusão: A maioria das idosas avaliadas necessitam de melhoria na qualidade da dieta, com ênfase no consumo de cereais integrais e gorduras mono e poli-insaturadas, porém com ingestão adequada de gordura saturada e sódio.

Introduction: The elderly population is susceptible to changes in nutritional status due to factors related to socioeconomic and physiological changes; however, studies that evaluated the current dietary status of the elderly in Brazil are still scarce. Objective: To evaluate the quality of the diet of non-institutionalized elderly women from a capital city in southern Brazil. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, with 174 convenience sampled elderly women. Food intake was assessed by means of a three-day dietary record. Diet quality was assessed through the Diet Quality Index - Revised (IQD-R) adapted for the Brazilian population. Results: This work showed that 56.9% (n=99), 40.8% (n=71), and 2.3% (n=4) of the diets of the participants were classified as "needs modification", "healthy", and "inadequate", respectively. The mean score obtained through the IQD-R was 62.5 (± 9.6), with a minimum of 30.2 points and a maximum of 84.9 points. In the analysis of food group consumption, there was a low score for saturated fat (9.96±0.50), mono and polyunsaturated fats (1.08±2.21), whole grains (1.7±1.54), sodium (7.31±2.27), and a higher score for the total grains group (4.61±0.54). Conclusion: Most of the elderly women assessed needed improvement in the quality of their diets, with emphasis on the consumption of whole grains and mono and polyunsaturated fats, but with adequate intake of saturated fat and sodium.

Anthropometric and dietary assessment of patients with glycogenosis type i / Avaliação antropométrica e dietética de pacientes com glicogenose tipo i

ABSTRACT Objective: To perform anthropometric and dietary evaluation of patients with glycogenosis type Ia and Ib. Methods: This cross-sectional study is composed of a sample of 11 patients with glycogenosis divided into two subgroups according to the classification of glycogenosis (type Ia=5 and type Ib=6), aged between 4 and 20 years. The analyzed anthropometric variables were weight, height, body mass index, and measures of lean and fat body mass, which were compared with reference values. For dietary assessment, a food frequency questionnaire was used to calculate energy and macronutrients intake as well as the amount of raw cornstarch consumed. Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher's exact test were performed, considering a significance level of 5%. Results: Patients ingested raw cornstarch in the amount of 0.49 to 1.34 g/kg/dose at a frequency of six times a day, which is lower than recommended (1.75-2.50 g/kg/dose, four times a day). The amount of energy intake was, on average, 50% higher than energy requirements; however, carbohydrate intake was below the adequacy percentage in 5/11 patients. Short stature was found in 4/10 patients; obesity, in 3/11; and muscle mass deficit, in 7/11. There were no statistical differences between the subgroups. Conclusions: In patients with glycogenosis type I, there was deficit in growth and muscle mass, but no differences were found between the subgroups (Ia and Ib). Although the diet did not exceed the adequacy of carbohydrates, about 1/3 of the patients presented obesity, probably due to higher energy intake.

RESUMO Objetivo: Realizar avaliação antropométrica e dietética de pacientes com glicogenose tipos Ia e Ib. Métodos: Estudo transversal composto de uma amostra de 11 pacientes com glicogenose divididos em dois subgrupos de acordo com a classificação da glicogenose (tipo Ia=5; tipo Ib=6), com idades entre 4 e 20 anos. As variáveis antropométricas analisadas foram peso, estatura, índice de massa corporal e medidas de massa magra e gorda, que foram comparadas com valores de referência. Para avaliação dietética, foi utilizado um questionário de frequência alimentar para cálculo de ingestão de energia e macronutrientes, além da quantidade de amido cru ingerida. Realizaram-se testes U de Mann-Whitney e exato de Fisher, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Os pacientes ingeriram amido cru na quantidade de 0,49 a 1,34 g/kg/dose na frequência de seis vezes ao dia, inferior à dosagem preconizada (1,75-2,50 g/kg/dose quatro vezes ao dia). A quantidade de energia consumida foi, em média, 50% a mais que as necessidades, contudo o consumo de carboidratos foi abaixo da porcentagem de adequação em 5/11 pacientes. Baixa estatura ocorreu em 4/10 pacientes, obesidade em 3/11 e déficit de massa muscular em 7/11. Não houve diferença estatística entre os subgrupos. Conclusões: Em pacientes com glicogenose tipo I, houve déficit de crescimento e de massa muscular, mas não diferença significante entre os subgrupos (Ia e Ib). Embora a dieta não tenha ultrapassado a adequação de carboidratos, 1/3 dos pacientes apresentou obesidade, provavelmente pela maior ingestão de energia.

O padrão de consumo de fibras entre adultos brasileiros: percepções de um inquérito nacional online / Patterns of fiber intake among brazilian adults: perceptions from an online nationwide survey

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Adequate fiber intake is associated with digestive health and reduced risk of several noncommunicable diseases and is recognized as essential for human health (World Health Organization, 2003). The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a daily fiber consumption of ≥25 g, but previous studies observed a fiber intake in Brazil lower than recommended. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to describe fiber intake among adults in Brazil and also respondents' knowledge and perceptions about their fiber intake. METHODS: National online survey with community-dwelling Brazilian individuals. The survey was conducted during September 2018, using an online platform with closed-ended questions. A representative sample of Brazilian internet users stratified by sex, age, socioeconomic status and geographic region was adopted. Sample size was calculated using a 2% error margin and 95% confidence interval (n=2,000). Data was descriptively analyzed using measures of frequency, central tendency and dispersion. RESULTS: Sample included 2,000 individuals who were well-balanced in terms of sex (51.2% female), with mean age of 35.9 years (most represented age group was 35-54 years, 39.6%) and from all country geographic regions (49.4% from Southeast). A total of 69.7% of them consider their usual diet as healthy and 78.4% reported consuming fibers regularly. Fibers from natural sources are consumed at least once a day by 69.5% of the sample, while daily fiber supplements were reported by 29.9%. Absence of regular fiber intake was reported by 21.7% of respondents and the most common reason was "lack of knowledge about fiber sources" (39.3%). When informed about the food sources of each type of fiber (soluble and insoluble) and asked about the regular intake, only 2.5% answered that they do not consume any of them regularly (as opposed to 21.7% before receiving information about specific fiber sources). CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that fiber intake in Brazil is probably insufficient with a high proportion of individuals reporting irregular or absent ingestion of fiber sources in their daily lives. Lack of knowledge about fiber sources and fiber types seems to play a role in this inadequate intake, highlighting the need for nutritional education to achieve healthy dietary patterns in the country.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A adequada ingestão de fibras está diretamente associada à saúde digestiva e é reconhecida como essencial à saúde humana (World Health Organization, 2003). A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) recomenda consumo diário de fibras de ≥25 g, mas estudos prévios observaram uma ingesta de fibras no Brasil abaixo do recomendado. OBJETIVO: Descrever a ingestão, o conhecimento e as percepções sobre o consumo de fibras entre adultos brasileiros. MÉTODOS: Inquérito nacional online com indivíduos brasileiros na comunidade. O inquérito foi conduzido em setembro de 2018, usando uma plataforma online com questões fechadas. Uma amostra representativa dos usuários de internet no Brasil estratificada por sexo, idade, status socioeconômico e região geográfica foi utilizada. O tamanho da amostra foi calculado usando uma margem de erro de 2,0% em um intervalo de confiança de 95% (n=2.000). Os dados foram analisados descritivamente usando medidas de frequência, tendência central e dispersão. RESULTADOS: A amostra incluiu 2.000 indivíduos equilibrados em termos de sexo (51,2% mulheres), com idade média de 35,9 anos (faixa etária mais representada foi 35-54 anos, 39,6%) e de todas as regiões geográficas do país (49,4% do Sudeste). Dos respondentes, 69,7% consideram sua dieta usual como saudável e 78,4% relataram consumir fibras regularmente. Fibras de fontes naturais são consumidas pelo menos uma vez ao dia por 69,5% da amostra, enquanto que suplementos de fibras, por 29,9%. O não consumo regular de fibras foi relatado por 21,7% dos respondentes e a causa mais comum para tal foi "falta de conhecimento sobre fontes de fibras" (39,3%). Quando informados sobre fontes de fibra de cada tipo (solúvel e insolúvel) e interrogados sobre a ingestão regular, apenas 2,5% responderam não consumir nenhuma delas regularmente (por oposição a 21,7% antes de receberem informação sobre fontes específicas de fibras). CONCLUSÃO: Nossos achados indicam que a ingestão de fibras no Brasil é provavelmente insuficiente com uma alta proporção de indivíduos relatando consumo ausente ou irregular de fontes de fibras no cotidiano. Falta de conhecimento sobre fontes e tipos de fibras parece desempenhar um papel relevante nesta ingestão inadequada, reforçando a necessidade de educação nutricional para alcançar padrões alimentares saudáveis no país.

Nutritional status and consumption of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory foods by patients with inflammatory bowel diseases / Estado nutricional e consumo de alimentos inflamatórios e anti-inflamatórios por pacientes portadores de doenças inflamatórias intestinais

ABSTRACT Objective Evaluation of nutritional status and consumption frequency of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory food by patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Methods An observational study of the patients assisted by the interdisciplinary inflammatory bowel diseases ambulatory of UNIVALI-SC. The nutritional status of patients was evaluated and each patient was categorized according to his/her body max index and also through a research questionnaire of the individual social-economy situation, life habits, and inflammatory and anti-inflammatory food consumption in a determinate period of time. Results Out of the 65 patients, 57% had Crohn's disease and 43% had ulcerative colitis. According to the disease activity, 71% were in remission and 29% in activity. Of the sample, 57% were classified as overweight. It was not possible to correlate nutritional status and type of inflammatory bowel diseases, nutritional status and income or nutritional status and level of education. The most inflammatory foods were beef (65%) and coffee (60%), while the anti-inflammatory ones were garlic (75%), olive oil (54%), and sweet potatoes (23%). There was no association between the most consumed inflammatory and anti-inflammatory food and body max index. Conclusion According to the results, most of the patients were overweight. The most commonly consumed inflammatory foods were beef and coffee and the anti-inflammatory ones were garlic, olive oil, and sweet potatoes.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o estado nutricional e a frequência de consumo de alimentos inflamatórios e anti-inflamatórios por portadores de doenças inflamatórias intestinais. Metodologia Estudo transversal com indivíduos assistidos pelo ambulatório interdisciplinar de doenças inflamatórias intestinais da UNIVALI-SC. Avaliados por meio do estado nutricional e classificados de acordo com o índice de massa corporal, bem como através de um questionário contendo dados socioeconômicos, hábitos de vida e frequência do consumo de alimentos inflamatórios e anti-inflamatórios. Resultados Dos 65 pacientes, 57% eram portadores de doença de Crohn e 43% de retocolite ulcerativa. De acordo com a atividade da doença, 71% encontravam-se em remissão e 29% em atividade. Da amostra, 57% foram classificados como acima do peso. Não foi possível correlacionar estado nutricional e o tipo de doenças inflamatórias intestinais, estado nutricional e renda ou estado nutricional e escolaridade. Os alimentos inflamatórios mais consumidos foram carne de gado (65%) e café (60%), já os anti-inflamatórios foram alho (75%), azeite de oliva (54%) e batata doce (23%). Não houve associação entre os alimentos inflamatórios e anti-inflamatórios mais consumidos e o índice de massa corporal. Conclusão Segundo os resultados, observou-se que a maioria dos pacientes apresentava excesso de peso. Os alimentos inflamatórios mais consumidos foram carne de gado e café e os anti-inflamatórios foram alho, azeite de oliva e batata doce.

Consumo de frutas e verduras por adolescentes catarinenses ao longo de uma década / Fruit and vegetable consumption over a decade among adolescents in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil

Resumo Compreender mudanças no consumo de frutas e verduras por adolescentes é importante para criação de ações de saúde pública. O objetivo deste artigo é investigar mudanças, em dez anos, no consumo diário de frutas e verduras por adolescentes, de acordo com sexo, idade e área de moradia. Estudo de painel (análise secundária) da pesquisa "Estilo de vida e comportamentos de risco de jovens catarinenses". Adolescentes (15-19 anos) de escolas estaduais, em 2001 (n = 5.028) e 2011 (n = 6.529), responderam questionário sobre consumo de frutas e verduras e aspectos sociodemográficos. Estatística descritiva e regressão logística (2001 vs 2011), estratificada para sexo, idade e área de moradia. Houve diminuição no consumo diário de frutas (39,1% e 16,6%) e de verduras (40,1% e 20,6%). Diferentes prevalências são observadas de acordo com subgrupos, principalmente entre moças. A chance para consumo diário de verduras entre rapazes e adolescentes de área rural continuou a mesma. A diminuição na prevalência do consumo diário de frutas e verduras por adolescentes catarinenses de 15 a 19 anos aponta necessidade de criação de estratégias para reversão deste cenário.

Abstract Understanding the changes in the trends of fruit and vegetable consumption among adolescents is important in order to implement public health actions. The scope of this article is to investigate the changes over a ten-year period in the daily fruit and vegetable consumption among adolescents from Santa Catarina, according to sex, age and housing area. It is a secondary analysis of a panel survey entitled "Lifestyle and Risk Behavior of Adolescents in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil (ComPAC)." Adolescents (15-19 years of age) of state schools in 2001 (n=5.028) and 2011 (n=6.529) answered a questionnaire about fruit and vegetable consumption as well as about sociodemographic aspects. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were applied, according to sex, age and housing area. There was a decrease in daily fruit (39.1% and 16.6%) and vegetable (40.1% and 20.6%) consumption. Different prevalence levels were observed when analyzing subgroups, mainly among girls. From 2001 to 2011, daily vegetable consumption among boys and adolescents in rural areas remained the same. The decrease in daily consumption of fruit and vegetables among adolescents aged 15 to 19 in Santa Catarina highlights the need for the development of strategies to reverse this scenario.

Análise crítica do índice de qualidade da dieta revisado para a população brasileira (IQD-R): aplicação no ELSA-Brasil / Critical analysis of the revised diet quality index for the Brazilian population (DQI-R): its application in ELSA-Brasil

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar criticamente a aplicação do Índice de Qualidade da Dieta - Revisado (IQD-R), explicitar facilidades e dificuldades em seu cálculo, sugerir adaptações e comparar sua distribuição segundo variáveis sociodemográficas entre os 15.105 servidores públicos participantes do Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto, no período de 2008 a 2010. O consumo alimentar foi aferido com base em Questionário de Frequência Alimentar e o IQD-R foi estimado de quatro maneiras: original; ponderado para frequência de consumo de frutas e hortaliças; modificado considerando leguminosas separado dos demais vegetais e adaptado abrangendo as duas alterações anteriores. Os resultados indicaram que independentemente da adaptação realizada, as mulheres, os indivíduos com mais de 65 anos e os indivíduos de menor escolaridade apresentaram escores médios mais altos indicando dieta de melhor qualidade. Acredita-se que as adaptações propostas podem ser úteis para estudos futuros que apliquem o IQD-R.

Abstract The scope of this study was to conduct a critical analysis of the application of the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index - Revised (BHEI-R), to explain the ease and difficulties in its calculation, to suggest adaptations and to compare its distribution. This was done in accordance with sociodemographic variables among the 15,105 public servants participating in the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health from 2008 to 2010. Food consumption was assessed based on a Food Frequency Questionnaire and BHEI-R was estimated in four ways: original; weighted for frequency of consumption of fruits and vegetables; modified considering legumes separated from other vegetables, and adapted covering the two previous changes. The results indicated that irrespective of the adaptation performed, women, individuals over 65 years of age and individuals with lower schooling had higher mean scores indicating a better quality diet. It is believed that the proposed adaptations may be useful for future studies that apply BHEI-R.

Fatores associados aos padrões alimentares no segundo semestre de vida / Factors associated with dietary patterns in the second half of life

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é identificar padrões alimentares de crianças com 6, 9 e 12 meses e sua associação com variáveis socioeconômicas, comportamentais, de nascimento e nutrição. Estudo transversal com crianças de uma coorte em Viçosa-MG, sendo 112 crianças com 6 meses, 149 com 9 meses e 117 com 12 meses. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por um recordatório de 24 horas e os padrões extraídos por análise de agrupamentos. O leite materno foi identificado em pelo menos um padrão alimentar em todos os meses. Houve baixa participação de alimentos ultraprocessados nos padrões alimentares identificados. No 6º mês, crianças com menor renda familiar tiveram menos chance de pertencer ao padrão alimentar composto por fórmulas lácteas. Já o sobrepeso/obesidade foi 3,69 vezes maior em crianças que compunham o padrão 2 (fórmulas lácteas, verduras, legumes, carne bovina e pera). Aos 12 meses o déficit de estatura (RP = 3,28) e o uso de mamadeira (RP = 4,51) estiveram associados ao padrão alimentar composto por fórmulas lácteas e leite de vaca. Os padrões alimentares identificados refletiram a importante participação do leite materno na alimentação das crianças. Padrões alimentares com a presença de outros tipos de leite, foram associados a desvios nutricionais e uso de mamadeiras.

Abstract The aim of this paper is to identify eating patterns of children aged 6, 9 and 12 months and their association with socioeconomic, behavioral, birth and nutrition variables. Cross-sectional study with children from a cohort in Viçosa-MG, with 112 children at 6 months, 149 at 9 months and 117 at 12 months. Food intake was assessed by a 24-hour recall and patterns extracted by cluster analysis. Breast milk was identified in at least one dietary pattern every month. There was a low participation of ultra-processed foods in the identified dietary patterns. At month 6, children with lower family income were less likely to belong to the dietary pattern composed of milk formulas. Already overweight/obesity was 3.69 times higher in children who made up the pattern 2 (dairy formulas, vegetables, vegetables, beef and pear). At 12 months height deficit (PR = 3.28) and bottle use (PR = 4.51) were associated with the dietary pattern composed of milk formulas and cow's milk. The dietary patterns identified reflected the important participation of breast milk in children's diets. Dietary patterns with the presence of other types of milk were associated with nutritional deviations and bottle feeding.

Participation of ultra-processed foods in brazilian school childrens diet and associated factors / Participação de alimentos ultraprocessados na dieta de escolares brasileiros e seus fatores associados

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the contribution of ultra-processed foods (UPF) in the schoolchildren diet and associated factors. Methods: Cross-sectional study with children from public schools in Southeast of Brazil, aged eight to 12 years old. A questionnaire was applied to the students to investigate anthropometric data, eating and lifestyle habits and food consumption. The consumption of UPF was evaluated by two 24-hour dietary recalls (24HR) of non-consecutive days, and the NOVA method was adopted for food classification. The sample was estimated considering the percentage of total caloric value from UPF identified by a similar study (n=260). The association between variables was evaluated by Simple and Multiple Logistic Regression. Results: The average energy consumption was 1992 kcal/day, 25.2% from UPF. Schoolchildren had a mean of 9.8±0.5 years of age, 53.4% were female and 32.6% were overweight. The most consumed UPF were industrialized pastas, sweet biscuits, sausages, chocolate powder and soft drinks. In the multivariate model, schoolchildren who have the habit of TV watching during meals and those with obesity presented 1.87 (95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.03-3.39) and 2.05 (95%CI 1,01-4.20) times more chance of having higher consumption of ultra-processed foods, respectively. Conclusions: The contribution of UPF was expressive in the feeding of the students and it was positively associated with the excess of weight and with the habit of eating while watching television. These findings indicate the importance of nutritional interventions to promote healthy habits, thus preventing overweight during childhood.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a contribuição dos alimentos ultraprocessados (AUP) na dieta de escolares e seus fatores associados. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado com crianças entre oito e 12 anos de idade em escolas públicas de uma capital brasileira. Foram investigados dados antropométricos e hábitos alimentares e de estilo de vida. O consumo de AUP foi avaliado por meio de dois recordatórios alimentares de 24 h (R24h) de dias não consecutivos, e o método NOVA foi adotado para classificação dos alimentos. A amostra foi estimada considerando o percentual de valor calórico total proveniente de AUP em estudo semelhante (n=260). Avaliou-se a associação entre as variáveis por meio de modelos de regressão logística simples e múltipla. Resultados: O consumo médio de energia foi de 1.992 kcal/dia, sendo 25,2% provenientes dos AUP. Os escolares apresentavam média de 9,8±0,5 anos de idade, 53,4% eram do sexo feminino e 32,6% apresentavam excesso de peso. Os AUP mais consumidos foram massas industrializadas, biscoitos doces, embutidos, achocolatado em pó e refrigerantes. Escolares com hábito de comer em frente à televisão e com excesso de peso tiveram 1,87 (intervalo de confiança de 95% [IC95%] 1,03-3,39) e 2,05 (IC95% 1,01-4,20) vezes mais chances de apresentar maior participação de AUP na dieta, respectivamente. Conclusões: A contribuição dos AUP foi expressiva na alimentação dos escolares e associou-se positivamente com o excesso de peso e o hábito de comer assistindo à televisão. Esses achados denotam a importância de intervenções nutricionais para promoção de hábitos saudáveis, prevenindo assim o excesso de peso na infância.

Association between body weight perception and quality of diet in brazilian adolescents / Associação da percepção do peso corporal com a qualidade da dieta de adolescentes brasileiros

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the association between body weight perception and quality of diet among Brazilian adolescents. Methods: The sample was composed of 71,740 adolescents aged from 12 to 17 years-old enrolled in the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes - ERICA), carried out during 2013-2014. Body weight perception was self-reported. Food consumption was assessed by food record and quality of diet index for Brazilian adolescents (DQIA-BR) was calculated, considering the balance, diversity, and diet composition. The quality of diet was compared according to weight perception for the entire sample and after stratification by nutritional status. Linear regression models were used to assess the association between body weight perception and quality of diet. Results: Among the studied adolescents, 14.7 and 30.3% reported to be underweight or overweight in relation to their desired weight, respectively. Those who perceived themselves as overweight had lower quality of diet (DQIA-BR=16.0 vs. 17.4 points; p<0.001). After stratification by BMI, adolescents with normal weight (DQIA-BR=15.3 points) or overweight (DQIA-BR=16.1 points), but who perceived themselves as overweight showed lower quality of diet when compared to their peers. In adjusted analysis, overweight perception (β= -0.51; 95%CI -0.77; -0.24) was associated to lower quality of diet. However, this association was no longer significant after stratification by BMI status. Conclusions: Body weight perception can influence the consumption of healthy foods and the quality of diet, especially for those who consider themselves overweight. However, this association is influenced by nutritional status.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre percepção de peso corporal e qualidade da dieta de adolescentes brasileiros. Métodos: A amostra estudada foi composta de 71.740 adolescentes de 12-17 anos participantes do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA) realizado entre 2013 e 2014. A percepção do peso corporal foi avaliada por questionário autoaplicável; o consumo alimentar, por recordatório alimentar; e a qualidade da dieta pelo índice de qualidade da dieta de adolescentes brasileiros (IQDA-BR), considerando o equilíbrio, a diversidade e a composição da dieta. A qualidade da dieta foi comparada de acordo com a percepção do peso para toda a amostra e após estratificação por índice de massa corpórea (IMC). Modelos de regressão linear foram utilizados para avaliar a associação entre distúrbios na percepção do peso e qualidade da dieta. Resultados: Entre os adolescentes, 14,7 e 30,3% percebiam-se abaixo ou acima do peso, respectivamente. Aqueles que se percebiam acima do peso apresentaram menor qualidade da dieta (IQDA-BR=16,0 vs. 17,4 pontos; p<0,001). Após estratificação por IMC, adolescentes com peso normal (IQDA-BR=15,3 pontos) ou excesso de peso (IQDA-BR=16,1 pontos), mas que se percebiam como acima do peso, apresentaram pior qualidade da dieta se comparados ao demais. Em análise ajustada, perceber-se acima do peso (β= -0,51; intervalo de confiança de 95% - IC95% -0,77; -0,24) foi associado a pior qualidade da dieta, porém essa associação perdeu significância após a estratificação por IMC. Conclusões: A percepção do peso corporal parece influenciar o consumo de alimentos saudáveis e a qualidade da dieta principalmente daqueles que se consideram acima do peso, contudo essa associação é influenciada pelo estado nutricional.

Adolescent gluten intake: population-based study in a brazilian city / Ingestão de alimentos com glúten por adolescentes: estudo de base populacional em município brasileiro

ABSTRACT Objective: To estimate the prevalence of gluten intake according to demographic, socioeconomic, and health-related behavioral variables in adolescents. Methods: This is a population-based cross-sectional study with a two-stage cluster sampling, conducted in Campinas, São Paulo, in 2008-2009. Foods containing gluten were identified using a 24-hour Recall. We calculated the prevalence and adjusted prevalence ratios with multiple Poisson regression. Results: The study had a sample of 924 adolescents aged 10 to 19 years. Among the foods assessed, 26.9% (confidence interval of 95% - 95%CI 25.3-28.6) contained gluten. We found a higher prevalence of gluten intake in younger individuals (10 to 14 years), as well as in subgroups of adolescents who had a higher number of household appliances, attended school, consumed fewer beans and vegetables during the week (<4 times), and whose head of the family had better education level (≥12 years of schooling). The main food sources of gluten in their diet were: bread, cakes, and cereals (30.2%), chocolate milk (14%), chicken nuggets (12.3%), and cookies (11%). Conclusions: The results of the study show the epidemiological profile associated with gluten intake in adolescents and could support actions aimed at promoting healthy eating habits and preventing gluten-related diseases.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência da ingestão de alimentos com glúten segundo variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas e de comportamentos relacionados à saúde em adolescentes. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal de base populacional, com amostra por conglomerados e em dois estágios, realizado em Campinas, São Paulo, em 2008-2009. Os alimentos com glúten foram identificados por meio do Recordatório de 24 horas. Calcularam-se prevalências e razões de prevalência ajustadas por meio de regressão múltipla de Poisson. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 924 adolescentes de dez a 19 anos. Entre os alimentos referidos, 26,9% (intervalo de confiança de 95% - IC95% 25,3-28,6) continham glúten. Prevalências superiores de ingestão de glúten foram verificadas nos indivíduos mais jovens (dez a 14 anos), bem como nos subgrupos de adolescentes cujo chefe de família era mais escolarizado (≥12 anos de estudo), nos que possuíam maior número de equipamentos domésticos na residência, nos que frequentavam a escola e naqueles que consumiam menos feijão e hortaliças durante a semana (<4 vezes). As principais fontes alimentares de glúten na dieta foram: pães, bolos e cereais (30,2%), achocolatado (14%), nuggets (12,3%) e biscoitos (11%). Conclusões: Os resultados do estudo mostram o perfil epidemiológico associado ao consumo de glúten em adolescentes e podem subsidiar ações voltadas à promoção de hábitos alimentares saudáveis e de prevenção de doenças relacionadas ao glúten.

Autoestima e comportamentos de saúde bucal em adolescentes / Self-esteem and oral health behavior in adolescents

Resumo Este estudo investigou a mediação da autoestima nos comportamentos de saúde bucal dos adolescentes. Para avaliar a autoestima usou-se a escala de Rosenberg, já as características sociodemográficas e comportamentais foram analisadas por questões validadas em outros inquéritos. Com exceção da alimentação, a maior proporção dos adolescentes possuía bons comportamentos de saúde bucal. O número de adolescentes com alto nível de autoestima foi relevantemente menor que aqueles com baixa autoestima. A utilização dos serviços odontológicos, embora associado ao alto nível de autoestima, perdeu significância após ajustado pelo sexo, idade e escovação dos dentes. Porém, a análise de regressão logística múltipla, através das estimativas não-ajustadas e ajustadas com seus respectivos Intervalos de Confiança de 95%, evidenciou associação da autoestima com idade (p-valor=0,001) e frequência de escovação (p-valor=0,019). Independente do sexo, escolares maiores de 16 anos e com autoestima elevada, escovam seus dentes com maior frequência, adquirindo, possivelmente, melhor saúde bucal. Isto confirma a modulação da autoestima sobre os comportamentos de saúde bucal, e atesta a necessidade de implementar a análise e o exercício desse fator psicossocial na assistência à saúde bucal dos jovens.

Abstract This study investigated the mediation of self-esteem in adolescents' oral health behaviors. The Rosenberg self-esteem scale was used to assess self-esteem, whereas data from socio-demographic and behavior characteristics were analyzed by questions validated in previous surveys. The teenagers had good oral health behavior, except unhealthy diet. The number of adolescents with high self-esteem was a lot smaller than those with low self-esteem. The use of dental services, even when associated with high self-esteem, lost significance after being adjusted by sex, age and tooth brushing frequency. Nevertheless, multiple logistic regression analysis, using unadjusted estimates and adjusted with their respective Confidence Intervals of 95%, showed a relationship of self-esteem with age (p-value=0.001) and tooth brushing frequency (p-value=0.019). Regardless of the sex, students over 16 years old with high self-esteem brush their teeth more often, having probably better oral health. These results confirm the modulation of self-esteem in oral health, and then it is necessary the analysis and the use of these psychosocial factors in the young oral health care.

O consumo de produtos ultraprocessados está associado ao melhor nível socioecocômico das famílias das crianças / The consumption of ultra-processed products is associated with the best socioeconomic level of the children's families

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar o consumo de produtos ultraprocessados e fatores associados em crianças pré-púberes. Estudo transversal realizado com 378 crianças de 8 e 9 anos matriculadas em escolas públicas e privadas de Viçosa-MG. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por três recordatórios de 24h. Os dados dietéticos foram tabulados no software Diet Pro® 5i, para quantificar o consumo energético. Para análise dos grupos de consumo alimentar foi utilizada a técnica Two-Step Cluster, por meio do software Stata versão 13.0. Os alimentos foram agrupados e classificados como marcadores de alimentação "saudável" e "não saudável". A associação entre as variáveis sociodemográficas e os grupos formados foi verificada por meio da Regressão de Poisson. Obteve-se a formação de dois grupos alimentares: "saudável" e "não saudável". A ingestão calórica de ultraprocessados foi menor no grupo "saudável" (20,5%) em relação ao "não saudável" (24,1%; P=0,043). No modelo multivariado, crianças de escola privada (RP = 1,25, P<0,001), que não recebiam Bolsa Família (RP=1,13, P=0,036) e cuja mãe trabalhava (RP=1,38, P<0,001) apresentaram maior chance de consumo "não saudável". O consumo de produtos ultraprocessados associou-se ao maior poder aquisitivo das famílias de crianças pré-púberes.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the intake of ultra-processed foods and associated factors in prepubertal children. It is a cross-sectional study with 378 children aged 8 and 9 years enrolled in public and private schools in Viçosa-MG. Food intake was assessed by three 24-hour dietary recalls. Dietary data were entered into the Diet Pro® 5i software to quantify energy intake. The Two-Step Cluster technique was used to analyze food consumption groups, with the Stata 13 software package. The foods were grouped and classified as "healthy" and "unhealthy" eating markers. The association between the sociodemographic variables and the groups formed was examined by Poisson Regression. Two food groups were formed: "healthy" and "unhealthy". The caloric intake of ultra-processed foods was lower in the "healthy" group (20.5%) than in the "unhealthy" group (24.1%; P = 0.043). The multivariate model showed that private school children (PR = 1.25, P <0.001), who did not receive Bolsa Familia (PR = 1.13, P = 0.036) and had working mothers (PR = 1.38, P <0.001) had increased probability of unhealthy food consumption. Ultra-processed food intake was associated with greater purchasing power of families of prepubertal children.

Breastfeeding is associated with children's dietary diversity in Brazil / Amamentação está associada à diversidade alimentar infantil no Brasil

Abstract The aim of this study was to describe food consumption patterns in Brazilian children aged 6-24 months and to assess differences between breastfed children who do not consume non-human milks, breastfed children who consume non-human milks, and non-breastfed children. This study used data from the Brazilian National Demographic and Health Survey (2006). The food consumption patterns of 1,455 children were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. One indicator adopted in this study was the healthy diverse diet. The association between breastfeeding and food consumption was tested using multivariate Poisson regression. At the interview, 15.8% of the children were breastfed without consuming non-human milk, 30.7% consumed breast milk in conjunction with non-human milk, and 53% were not breastfed anymore. Over half consumed the recommended foods, 78% consumed foods rich in sugar, fat, and salt, and only 3.4% were on a healthy diverse diet. The breastfed children who did not consume non-human milks were almost five times more likely to be on a healthy diverse diet and were 19% less likely to consume foods rich in sugar, fat, and salt than the breastfed children who also consumed non-human milks and the non-breastfed children.

Resumo O objetivo foi descrever o padrão de consumo alimentar em crianças brasileiras entre 6 e 24 meses e verificar as diferenças entre crianças em aleitamento materno (AM) que consomem ou não outros tipos de leites não-humano (LNH), e aquelas não amamentadas (NAM). Foram usados dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde (2006). O consumo alimentar de 1455 crianças foi avaliado usando um questionário de frequência alimentar. Avaliou-se a presença de dieta saudável e diversificada. A associação entre AM e o consumo alimentar foi testado pela regressão de Poisson. Na entrevista, 15,8% das crianças estavam em AM sem consumo de LNH, 30,7% estavam em AM com consumo de LNH e 53% não estavam em AM. Mais da metade consumiam os alimentos recomendados, 78% consumiam alimentos ricos em açúcar, gordura e sal, e apenas 3,4% estavam em uma dieta saudável e diversificada. As crianças em AM que não consumiam LNH tinham quase cinco vezes mais chances de ter uma dieta saudável e diversificada e tinham 19% menos chance de consumir alimentos ricos em açúcar, gordura e sal, comparadas àquelas que também consumiam LNH e àquelas que não estavam em AM.

Main sources of added sugar in Argentina

The high consumption of added sugars in the diet of the Argentine population and its consequent effect on health are current concerns both at the clinical and public health levels. The objective of this study was to determine the main sources of added sugars in the Argentine diet and the proportional energy contribution of each of them. The sample consisted of 1266 individuals, representative of the country's urban population from 15 to 65 years old, stratified by region, age, gender and socio-economic level. Two 24-hour dietary recalls and one socio-economic questionnaire were carried out. Among the total food and beverages consumed by Argentines, 26.9% of added sugars were provided by soft drinks and 23.8% by infusions. The third place, with 15.4%, came from baked goods (bread, cookies, etc.) and the fourth, with 12%, from ready-to-prepare juices, ahead of sweets and candies and dairy products. Men, compared to women, consumed significantly more added sugars in soft drinks (32.6 vs. 22.1%), while women consumed more added sugars in infusions (25.5 vs. 21.8%), baked goods, sugar and honey. The lower income population consumed significantly more sugar in infusions at the expense of "mate" (21.4 vs. 7 g/day), while no differences were observed in the consumption of soft drinks by socio-economic level (32.9 vs. 34.4 g/day). Urgent measures based on education could improve the consumption habits of added sugars and the health of the population.

El alto consumo de azúcares añadidos en la dieta de la población argentina y su consecuente efecto sobre la salud son preocupaciones actuales tanto a nivel clínico como de salud pública. El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en determinar las principales fuentes de azúcares añadidos de la dieta argentina y determinar el aporte proporcional de energía de cada una de ellas. La muestra consistió en 1266 individuos, representativa de la población urbana del país de 15 a 65 años y estratificada por región, edad, género y nivel socioeconómico. Se efectuaron dos recordatorios de ingesta de 24 horas y un cuestionario de nivel socioeconómico. Entre el total de alimentos y bebidas consumidos por los argentinos el 26.9% del azúcar lo aportaron las gaseosas y el 23.8% las infusiones. El tercer lugar, con 15.4%, provino de los panificados (pan, galletitas, facturas) y el cuarto, con 12%, de jugos listos para preparar, por delante de los dulces y golosinas y lácteos. Los hombres, en comparación con las mujeres consumieron significativamente más azúcares añadidos en gaseosas (32.6 vs. 22.1%) y las mujeres más en infusiones (25.5 vs. 21.8%), panificados, azúcar y miel. La población de menores recursos consumió significativamente más azúcar en infusiones a expensas del mate (21.4 vs. 7 g/día) y no se observaron diferencias en el consumo de gaseosas por nivel socioeconómico (32.9 vs. 34.4 g/día). Urgentes medidas basadas en la educación podrían mejorar los hábitos de consumo de azúcares y la salud de la población.

Principales fuentes de azúcares de adición en Argentina / Main sources of added sugars in Argentina

El alto consumo de azúcares añadidos en la dieta de la población argentina y su consecuente efecto sobre la salud son preocupaciones actuales tanto a nivel clínico como de salud pública. El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en determinar las principales fuentes de azúcares añadidos de la dieta argentina y determinar el aporte proporcional de energía de cada una de ellas. La muestra consistió en 1266 individuos, representativa de la población urbana del país de 15 a 65 años y estratificada por región, edad, género y nivel socioeconómico. Se efectuaron dos recordatorios de ingesta de 24 horas y un cuestionario de nivel socioeconómico. Entre el total de alimentos y bebidas consumidos, el 26.9% del azúcar lo aportaron las gaseosas y el 23.8% las infusiones. El tercer lugar, con 15.4%, provino de los panificados (pan, galletitas, facturas) y el cuarto, con 12%, de jugos listos para preparar, por delante de los dulces, golosinas y lácteos. Los hombres, en comparación con las mujeres consumieron significativamente más azúcares añadidos en gaseosas (32.6 vs. 22.1%) y las mujeres más en infusiones (25.5% vs. 21.8), panificados, azúcar y miel. La población de menores recursos consumió significativamente más azúcar en infusiones a expensas del mate (21.4 vs. 7 g/día) y no se observaron diferencias en el consumo de gaseosas por nivel socioeconómico (32.9 vs. 34.4 g/día). Urgentes medidas basadas en la educación podrían mejorar los hábitos de consumo de azúcares y la salud de la población.

The high consumption of added sugars in the diet of the Argentine population and its consequent effect on health are current concerns both at the clinical and public health levels. The objective of this study was to determine the main sources of added sugars in the Argentine diet and to determine the proportional energy contribution of each of them. The sample consisted of 1266 individuals, representative of the country's urban population from 15 to 65 years old, stratified by region, age, gender and socio-economic level. Two 24-hour intake records and one socio-economic questionnaire were carried out. Among the total food and beverages consumed, 26.9% of added sugars was contributed by soft drinks and 23.8% by infusions. The third place, with 15.4%, was obtained by baked goods (bread, cookies, etc.) and the fourth, with 12%, from ready-to-prepare juices, ahead of sweets, candies and dairy products. Men, compared to women, consumed significantly more added sugars in soft drinks (32.6 vs. 22.1%) and women more in infusions (25.5% vs. 21.8%), baked goods, sugar and honey. The lower income population consumed significantly more sugar in infusions at the expense of "mate" (21.4 vs. 7 g/day) and no differences were observed in the consumption of soft drinks by socio-economic level (32.9 vs. 34.4 g/day). Urgent measures based on education could improve the consumption habits of added sugars and the health of the population.